As 2023 inches to a close, it would be a good time to have a relook at what the year was like when it comes to the climate crisis, key moments shaping the biggest crisis of our times and what we achieved and what needs to be done.&nbsp;



It was a year shaped by heatwaves and droughts, of floods and record-breaking temperatures, of annual climate pledges, victories and misses.&nbsp;



<h2>Heatwaves, Wildfires, Cyclones &amp; Droughts</h2>



The year 2023 was the hottest year on record everywhere from Asia to America and Europe to Africa. Intense heatwaves gripped parts of US, China and Easter Europe in July. Rising carbon emissions and climate change are key factors behind this and the anticipated return of the <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/01/30/explainer-what-is-el-nino-and-how-does-it-affect-us/">El NiÃ±o weather phenomenon</a> is also playing a part. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has also said â€“ for the first time ever â€“ that global temperatures are more likely than not to <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/11/climate-2023-hottest-year-on-record/">move more than 1.5Â­Â°C above pre-industrial levels </a>in the next five years.&nbsp;



The UK, Vietnam, Poland, Spain, China, Latvia, Myanmar, Portugal, Belarus, the Netherlands, Thailand are just some of the countries where temperature records have been broken this year. Meanwhile, in May, Delhi witnessed one of the <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/05/01/why-delhi-weather-is-breaking-records-this-summer/">lowest temperatures for the month</a> at 19.2 degree celsius as the temperature in the Capital state hit a low of 6.6 degree celsius in january. Canada faced the worst wildfire season with roughly <a href="https://www.ciffc.ca/">18.5 million hectares of Canadian land burned</a>.&nbsp; It surpassed the previous record of 7.6 million hectares scorched in 1989.&nbsp;



With record-breaking temperatures there was also a notable rise in the average ocean temperature. Starting in April, the oceanâ€™s temperature has been on a steady ascent that culminated in an astounding 20.9 degree celsius in July.



Tropical Cyclone Freddy crossed the Indian Ocean as the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record and stayed over more than five weeks between February and March,. It made landfall three times, causing intense rainfall, flooding and landslides in Madagascar, Mozambique and Malawi. Tropical Cyclone Mocha, in May 2023, was one of the most intense cyclones ever observed in the Bay of Bengal, reaching peak 10-minute sustained winds of 115 kilometres per hour. It triggered 1.7 million displacements across the sub-region from Sri Lanka to Myanmar and through India and Bangladesh. Storm Daniel triggered floods in Libya claiming over 11,000 lives.



Simultaneously, the Mediterranean region and parts of Asia experienced deadly storms and typhoons, while the Americas confronted unprecedented disasters, including Brazilâ€™s extreme floods and the stranding of Burning Man attendees in the US desert.



The heatwaves and floods were also followed by severe, long-running droughts, including in Central and South America, Europe and East Africa.&nbsp;



<h2>Big Climate Wins Of 2023</h2>



One of the biggest wins of the year has been the UN annual climate conference COP28 where the loss and damage fund was launched to compensate countries hit by climate disasters. Another notable achievement from the conference was when 200 countries signed the agreement on transitioning away from fossil fuels marking the â€œbeginning of the endâ€_x009d_ for fossil fuels.&nbsp;



In April, Germany shut down its last three nuclear power plants, and the share of coal-fired power generation in the third quarter of 2023 has almost halved compared to the previous year, according to Germany's Federal Statistical Office. Though the move has been controversial since climate advocates support nuclear as a clean, zero-carbon source others who fear nuclear accidents have supported the decision.Â 



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/26/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-26-ground-zero-cop28-why-rural-design-in-climate-action-matters/">Rural Design In Climate Action</a> 



The European Union agreed on a landmark biodiversity law that requires member states to restore at least 20% of their degraded land and sea habitats by 2030. It would also enforce a deadline to restore all damaged ecosystems by 2050 with Some 80% of habitats across the continent in poor condition.



In the US, the green energy transition has received a massive boost from the Inflation Reduction Act which includes $369 billion for action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support clean energy and encourage electrification.&nbsp;



After decades of negotiations, countries have finally agreed to The High Seas Treaty that provides a framework for setting up marine protected areas, a crucial step to fulfil aims to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030.



The rate of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest dropped sharply, after Brazil's new government pledged to stop deforestation completely by 2030 and took steps including monitoring the forest for criminal activity such as illegal logging. In another milestone move, the country also upheld <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58328604">indigenous people's rights</a> to their ancestral land in a landmark ruling.



<h2>Action-packed Global Events&nbsp;</h2>



One of the key highlights of the year was the G20 New Delhi Summit in 2023 which was convened as a significant platform where climate change was a key issue of discussion. The ratified G20 Leaders' Declaration, finalised on September 9, 2023, tackled various environmental challenges, focusing on sustainable development goals, climate finance commitments, decarbonisation imperatives, and transitioning to cleaner energy sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Emphasising the need to preserve ecosystems, promote a resilient ocean-based economy, combat plastic pollution, and strengthen disaster risk reduction and infrastructure resilience, the declaration underscored environmental priorities on a global scale. Despite acknowledging the commitment to tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030, the summit encountered difficulties in reaching an agreement on fossil fuel phase-out, reflecting challenges from preceding G20 Energy Ministers' meetings.



COP28 held in Dubai drew attention to the inaugural Global Stocktake (GST), taking precedence over other environmental agendas during its two-week span. Acknowledging the necessity of a 43% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 to limit global warming to 1.5Â°C, GST emphasised the shortfall in meeting outlined goals from the Paris Accord.&nbsp;



It urged collective global action to triple renewable energy capacity and double energy efficiency improvements by 2030. The final COP28 deal, agreed upon after intense negotiations, mandated countries to present national adaptation plans by 2030, with 51 nations having done so already. However, contributions to the Adaptation Fund fell short of requirements, with only a fraction of needed funding pledged by some European countries during the summit, spotlighting gaps in commitments to addressing climate change impacts. By the end of COP28, the fund's coffers had swelled to <a href="https://unfccc.int/news/cop28-agreement-signals-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-fossil-fuel-era">$700 million</a>, though that was still far from what's required. According to estimates by climate experts, the fund will need between $150-400 billion annually by 2030.

Rewind 2023: The Key Climate Events That Shaped The Year

India's share of global CO2 emissions has sharply risen to 7.3%, making it the world's third-largest carbon emitter. However, the country's population share is 17.7% globally, with over 65% residing in rural areas. Notably, 85% of the poor population lives in rural India, where per capita emissions are significantly lower. This indicates that, while human activities are major contributors to emissions, rural areas are likely to bear the brunt of climate change.



Since the Paris Agreement, India has submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) with a common and differentiated responsibility. However, there is a need to strengthen adaptation strategies, which will be challenging given India's ranking as the second-largest global user of coal in electricity generation. Hence, balancing the need for electricity in rural areas with emission reduction goals remains a complex task.



Despite India emerging as a global economic growth engine, with 60% of GDP generated in rural areas, the Energy and Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sectors contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The 'National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): A Progress Review 2023', published by NITI Aayog, reveals concentrated poverty in these regions, particularly in central and eastern parts, including Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh. These areas face higher climate risks and have experienced historical deprivation of endowments, investments, and growth.



Climate change is often viewed as a highly scientific field, predominantly influenced by the Global North. Consequently, rural discussions may not fully encompass global perspectives. Rural dialogues worldwide are significantly shaped by local culture, religion, contexts, values, belief systems, and geopolitical situations. Rural communities interpret climate change either as a regional hazard or as seasonal weather shifts, with interpretations varying across different geographical locations.



Therefore, facilitating annual conferences such as COP28 or regional dialogues can not only aim to incorporate local insights into the global discourse but also seek to contextualise global discussions for diverse rural settings. For instance, holding basic COP sessions at regional or even Panchayat levels and integrating them into the democratic processes of Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP) can be beneficial. Just as the COP is where Parties come together to assess and drive climate action, it needs to happen at the Panchayat Level as well. Just as the Gram Sabhas are held and GPDP are being prepared, climate action must be integrated at the level of Gram Panchayats. Important stakeholders and communities vulnerable to climate change must take part in it and ensure dialogues, assessment of the climate change in the Gram Panchayat and ensure a plan of action.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/22/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-22-what-is-green-finance-and-why-it-matters/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/22/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-22-what-is-green-finance-and-why-it-matters/">Explainer: Green Finance</a>



Meanwhile, the impact of climate change on the food value chain and nutrition is also influenced by production systems that vary from place to place, coupled with the nutrition choices made by the population. Women are more vulnerable to climate change, especially natural disasters and extreme weather events. Womenâ€™s access to livelihood assets, entitlements, and services is limited or curtailed. They also bear a disproportionate burden and expectation of caring for and securing food, water, energy, and other resources, leading to increased and worsened drudgery and a significant gap in the division of labour. Women are often excluded from decision-making, particularly regarding income, assets, and other resources within the household, as well as in various local decision-making forums.&nbsp;



Additionally, gender norms directly impact social rules, skills, behaviours, and activities, specifically in livelihoods, leading to further inequality and poverty that affects the health and nutrition of women. For example, in many rural areas of India, women bear the responsibility of livestock care and management, exposing them to increased risks at the human-animal-environmental interface, leading to higher mortality and malnutrition, which further affects their children. The deprivation, inequity, and the vicious cycle that women are trapped in are not only multi-dimensional but also intergenerational; it is almost genetic.



Going forward, UN conferences such as COP should focus on a myriad of adaptation options available for rural areas, including limiting risks to naturally managed ecosystems related to health, livelihoods, food, and water. Interventions should encompass economic growth, the management of local and indigenous knowledge, water efficiency, social safety nets, disaster risk management, and community-based adaptation. Achieving net-zero emissions requires changes that are more extensive than many realize, and these changes need to occur as the world is trying to recover from COVID-19 and other crises.Â 



There is an urgent need to promote gender-focused public interventions such as Nutri-Climate Linkages and One Health, where intersectionality serves as the linchpin for all climate change solutions. For example, on the supply side, measures such as phasing out coal and adopting a value chain approach to food, along with energy-efficient rural production of consumables, are necessary. On the demand side, integrating socio-economic development with the management of rural consumption habits and carbon pricing is crucial. Addressing the impact of nutrition decisions on climate change requires localised interventions in nutrition, agriculture, food technology, economics, marketing, value chains, consumption patterns, and more.



Changes are needed beyond the energy sector, with long-term strategies backed by investment commitments and measurable impact. There is a need to facilitate a dramatic scale-up of clean technologies, support the transitions of fossil fuel companies and energy-intensive activities, and bring low-cost capital to the countries and communities that need it most.



Activating rural citizens and influencing the choices they make will be crucial in terms of daily practices. Governments, too, need to activate their unique capacities by providing a strategic vision, stimuli for innovation, incentives for consumers, policy signals, public investments that catalyse action by private actors, and the creation of a supportive ecosystem for communities affected by the rapid changes of climate change. The local 'place-based identity, experiences, competence, perspectives,' formed through regional experiences of climate change, in combination with strong cohesion between government, markets, agencies for regenerative development, media, and NGOs/CSOs/CBOs, can help address climate change.







Neeraja Nitin Kudrimoti is the Associate Director and leads the Community Action Labs in Chhattisgarh at Transform Rural India, a development design practice, working for democratised and regenerative development.



Disclaimer: The thoughts expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organisation.

Rural Design In Climate Action Matters

In the wake of escalating concerns surrounding environmentally detrimental practices, the spotlight is increasingly shifting towards green financeâ€”a pivotal force driving positive change. Green finance encompasses loans and investments strategically designed to foster environmentally friendly initiatives, ranging from the acquisition of sustainable goods and services to the development of eco-conscious infrastructure



In a nutshell, <a href="https://www.unep.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/green-financing">green finance </a>is an intentionally designed financial activity, be it a product or service, aimed at fostering a more favourable environmental impact. This financial approach involves loans or investments specifically geared towards supporting eco-friendly endeavours, whether it's the acquisition of environmentally-conscious goods and services or the development of sustainable infrastructure. Essentially, green finance is about channeling financial resources into initiatives that contribute positively to the environment.



<h2>Stakeholders Of Green Finance</h2>



Green bonds serve as a key avenue within the sphere of green finance. Governments, companies, or organisations issue these bonds to secure funding for projects that promote environmental well-being, including ventures in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable land use. Investors engaging in green bonds not only stand to gain a financial return but also actively participate in supporting initiatives that yield positive environmental impacts.



Under the expansive umbrella of green finance, noteworthy projects include green finance projects aimed at harnessing renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency to reduce environmental impact. Initiatives focused on mitigating and controlling pollution to safeguard the environment too is important. Green finance practices also prioritise recycling, reusing, and reducing waste to create a circular economy. Projects promoting responsible and sustainable utilisation of natural resources and land too are important for green finance.



<h2>The Environment Well-being Goal</h2>



Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), energy independence by 2047, and a commitment to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. To realise these goals, it's estimated that India needs $2500 billion from 2015-2030. However, only around less than 25 percent of this target has been met. The urgency to mobilise finance exponentially to support this transition is clear and needs immediate attention. It's crucial to balance this need with an awareness of potential unintended consequences that may arise from sudden financial market reforms.



As one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emitters, India requires a substantial budget of over$10 trillion to achieve its net zero emissions target by 2070. Both the public and private sectors are actively engaged in various measures, leading to increased investment and financing opportunities. Notably, green finance plays a key role in this scenarioâ€”representing sustainable or responsible finance that effectively funds projects with environmental benefits. These projects focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, and promoting the circularÂ economy.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/21/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-21-sky-gardens-how-green-roofs-foster-biodiversity-in-concrete-jungles/">Green Roofs In Concrete Jungle</a>



<h2>Future Of Green Finance In India</h2>



To support sustainable development and meet the growing demand for eco-friendly initiatives, the Reserve Bank of India has issued guidelines for banks and non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) to accept "green deposits." This ensures that funds are directed toward projects related to energy efficiency, clean transportation, climate adaptation, sustainable water and waste management, green buildings, and biodiversity conservation.



As the interest in green finance rises, India is expected to witness more creative financing solutions and investment opportunities in the green sector. In March, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduced a category for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) mutual funds. This allows asset management companies in India to launch multiple ESG funds, promoting increased transparency and boosting investor confidence as reporting on these parameters improves.



The Indian government has been actively addressing climate change through its National Action Plan, featuring eight missions to reduce emissions, enhance energy efficiency, increase forest cover, and develop sustainable habitats. This climate policy aligns with broader goals like ensuring energy access and water security.



This initiative is aimed at mobilising substantial resources dedicated to green infrastructure projects. The funds generated from these sovereign green bonds are expressly designated for deployment in public sector endeavors that actively contribute to the reduction of the carbon intensity of the economy. Strategic investments in sectors contributing to 41% of India's greenhouse gas emissions hold paramount significance, especially considering projections indicating their potential escalation to two-thirds of emissions by 2050 amidst ongoing economic growth.&nbsp;



<h2>Green Finance In Renewable Energy</h2>



Notably, the allocation of green bond proceeds to renewable energy plays a pivotal role in facilitating the adoption of well-established renewable technologies, with a primary focus on solar power, followed by wind and small hydro projects. Additionally, these funds contribute to vital research and development initiatives, including the exploration of emerging technologies such as tidal energy. This allocation of resources through green finance assumes critical importance in supporting India's transition towards a more sustainable energy landscape. These initiatives underscore the nation's dedication to leveraging financial instruments for the explicit purpose of fostering sustainable and environmentally responsible development, aligning with the broader global commitment to combat climate change.

Explainer: What Is Green Finance And Why It Matters

A building can gain heat from various sources and one of the easiest ways to cool it, is turning the roof into a green roof. Green roofs, often dubbed as 'vegetated heavens' or 'living oases,' are not your ordinary rooftops. A rooftop transformed into a flourishing ecosystem, boasting a waterproofing membrane as its guardian, a nourishing layer of soil as its foundation, and a vibrant array of plants as its lively inhabitantsâ€”all gracefully perched atop a conventional roof.



One of the initiatives feasible to contribute towards cooling any building is the green roof system. Green roofs serve as an extension of the existing roof infrastructure, requiring essential components such as high-quality waterproofing, a root-repellent system, efficient drainage, filter cloth, a lightweight growing medium, and a selection of plants.



Green roof systems can be categorised as modular, featuring pre-prepared, movable, and often interlocking grids containing drainage layers, filter cloth, growing media, and plants. Alternatively, they can be loose-laid or built-up, with each element installed independently. In essence, green roofs represent "contained" green spaces situated atop man-made structures, existing independently from the ground and manifesting at, below, or above grade levels. Successfully implemented worldwide, green roofs offer a solution to both public and private spaces.



<a href="https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/grow-a-green-roof">Green Roofs</a> are nature's water managers in urban landscapes. Imagine rooftops that don't just shield us from the polluting elements but actively contribute to managing water resources. Green roofs, adorned with lush vegetation, play a vital role in this ecological narrative.



In the midst of rain, these greens gracefully capture and retain water, allowing the moisture to evaporate slowly from the soil and rooftop greenery.The significance? It's a strategic move to thwart runoff during heavy downpours, a key player in preventing overwhelmed sewers from unleashing havoc.



By curbing excess runoff, and averting sewage overflows into local water bodies, sparing streams and lakes from contamination. This results in reduced basement backups, lower treatment costs, and a lighter load on energy consumption for rainwater treatment.



<h2>Navigating Temperatures in the Urban Heat Island Effect</h2>



Cities, with their concrete jungles of buildings and sprawling roads, have a unique tendency to absorb and retain heat, transforming urban landscapes into hotspots in comparison to the cooler surrounding rural areas.&nbsp; In the daytime, the disparity in air temperatures between urban and rural zones can range from 1.8 to 5.4Â°F, showcasing the distinct warming influence of city infrastructure. As night falls, this temperature gap widens further, as the built environment holds onto the absorbed heat from the day.The consequence is clear, cities become thermal islands, marked by a persistent warmth that extends beyond the sunset.



<h2>Impact of Nature On Quality of Life</h2>



In the quest for an enhanced quality of life, the connection to nature proves to be a transformative force. This connection, whether direct or indirect, holds the key to improving overall well-being. Stress, a contributor to chronic diseases, takes centre stage in this narrative, and research underscores the stress-alleviating power of direct exposure to nature.



Integrating nature into everyday spaces, such as workplaces adorned with green design elements like green roofs, manifests tangible benefits.



Also read:<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/18/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-18-the-power-of-blue-carbon-in-climate-action/"> The Power Of Blue Carbon</a>



<h2>Green Roofs And Energy Costs</h2>



The transformative influence of green roofs extends beyond mere aestheticsâ€”it's a game-changer in enhancing building efficiency and curbing electricity expenses.



As the sun beats down, the growing medium provides insulation, and the verdant canopy shields the roof from the scorching embrace of solar heat. A green roof and a drop in the surrounding air temperature will have a big impact on the environment. This not only brings relief to the building but also translates into a tangible reduction in the need for air conditioning during the sweltering summer months.



<h2>Green Roofs As Pollution Combatants</h2>



By mitigating temperatures and slashing energy consumption, they play a pivotal role in reducing concentrations of harmful pollutants that cast a shadow on air quality, climate, and public health.These initiatives target a lineup of notorious culprits, including particle pollution (PM), ground-level ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and lead (Pb)â€”all pollutants for compromising air quality and posing health risks.



<h2>A Small Yet Necessary Step</h2>



In the face of climate change, green roofs provide us with a tangible and accessible solution. Whether in our homes or workplaces, integrating these living ecosystems into our urban landscapes can be a small yet impactful step. By doing so, we contribute to a cooler, cleaner, and more resilient future. As individuals, let us recognise the power we hold in fostering change, one green roof at a time. It's not just about sustainable rooftops; it's a collective effort to safeguard our planet and ensure a healthier, more sustainable tomorrow for generations to come.

"Sky Gardens, How Green Roofs Foster Biodiversity In Concrete Jungles"

When Ignacia de la Rosa speaks people listen. Even when they donâ€™t understand her. A leader of the San Antero community in the CispatÃ¡ region of Colombia, she has been working for several years on a â€˜blue carbonâ€™ project aimed at conserving and restoring coastal mangrove forests in Colombiaâ€™s SinÃº River basin.



â€œIt gives us so much, from food to shelter. How can we allow it to be cut,â€_x009d_ she said to a packed audience at COP28 where CNNâ€™s documentary â€˜Blue Carbonâ€™ featuring Ignacia was played, earlier this month. Filmed in the USA, Senegal, Vietnam, France, Colombia and Brazil, the documentary explores the relatively newly-discovered potential of oceans to absorb much more carbon from the atmosphere than even tropical rainforests.&nbsp; Told through the eyes of Grammy-nominated music producer, DJ and marine toxicologist, Jayda Guy, Blue Carbon is an environmental documentary that brings together music and science to uncover why listening to nature, and to each other, is key for averting climate catastrophe.



â€œThe mangrove forest gives us so much. It shelters us from the winds, and provides food and resources. Itâ€™s like a protective mother.&nbsp; My goal was to conserve it for the future. I think I had no choice but to protect it,â€_x009d_ said Ignacia de la Rosa while sharing her work within her community.&nbsp;



The session organised by Conservation International (CI), among others, got together the community leaders featured in the film. Dr. Emily Pidgeon, Vice President of Ocean Science and Innovation at CI, stressed on how the wisdom and knowledge of indigenous leaders have to be passed on as the fight against climate change continues.&nbsp;



â€œI just knew they needed to be restored, so I planted the mangroves. I was aware that there are many benefits of mangroves for the community. I knew the changes that are happening around us in terms of climate change so got the community to work for it,â€_x009d_ said Abdou Karim Sall from Senegal while highlighting the importance of blue carbon for his community.



<h2>What is Blue Carbon?</h2>



Simply put, blue carbon is the term for carbon captured by the world's ocean and coastal ecosystems.&nbsp;



Coastal ecosystems like mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrass meadows provide protection from storms and rising sea levels, curb shoreline erosion, regulate coastal water quality, offer habitats for vital fisheries and endangered marine life, and ensure food security for coastal communities. Additionally, these environments capture and stock substantial amounts of coastal blue carbon, recognised for their role in mitigating climate change.



As per reported data, the total mangrove cover in the world is 15 million hectare which is 1% of the total tropical forests. In India, according to the latest assessment by the Forest Survey of India, the mangrove cover is 4975 km2 , which is 0.15% of the countryâ€™s total geographical area. Coastal systems not only store massive amounts of carbon and offer additional CO2 sequestration opportunities, but also deliver several adaptation and coastal protection benefits.Â 



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/15/unicef-partners-to-equip-50-million-young-people-to-become-climate-adaptable-and-resilient-by-2030/">Unicef Partners To Equip 50 Million Young People</a>



Despite their immense benefits, these coastal blue carbon ecosystems face severe threats, with an estimated reported loss of 340,000 to 980,000 hectares annually. Around 67% of mangroves, along with 35% and 29% of tidal marshes and seagrass meadows respectively, have already vanished globally. If these trends persist, experts believe that an additional 30% to 40% of tidal marshes and seagrasses, and almost all unprotected mangroves, could disappear within the next century. The degradation or loss of these ecosystems can transform them into substantial sources of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. And thatâ€™s where the need to maintain these ecosystems arises.



<h2>What are Blue Carbon Credits?</h2>



Enter Blue Carbon Credits. Just like carbon credits, blue carbon credits also work by offering incentives to businesses. These focus on sequestering or removing carbon from the air through renewable energy, reforestation, or preventing deforestation. But instead of focusing on the land, blue carbon credits focus more on the carbon in the ocean and coastal ecosystems.



Similar to carbon credits that target land-based vegetation capable of sequestering carbon, blue carbon initiatives aim to conserve vital marine vegetation or foster the growth of new flora. Their purpose is to enhance the absorption of carbon emissions within oceanic ecosystems, thereby mitigating the pace of climate change.



Just like the traditional carbon credits, individuals or businesses contribute funds to support a blue carbon credit programme also. It aids in offsetting a specific volume of the carbon emissions generated and these credits vary in scale.&nbsp;



As reported by S&amp;P Global, carbon credits derived from mangrove projects in Asia and Central America range from $13 to $35 per metric tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2). In comparison, standard carbon credits, as per Bloomberg, typically average around $7.53 per tonne. This highlights a significant price difference between the two, ranging from two to four-and-a-half times higher for mangrove carbon credits.



Just as they access carbon markets for terrestrial projects, itâ€™s time organisations started employing blue-carbon, nature-based solutions to meet their net-zero targets. Stakeholders across the spectrum need to accelerate action towards blue carbon so as to tap natureâ€™s biggest ally in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;

The Power Of Blue Carbon In Climate Action

UNICEF and its global partnerships platform Generation Unlimited (also known as YuWaah in India) have partnered with key organisations committed to working towards a green future for children and young people as a part of the Green Rising India Alliance (GRIA). The alliance consists of YuWaah at UNICEF, Capgemini, Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies, ReNew Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation and SAP. It aims to equip 50 million children and young people to become climate conscious, adaptable, and resilient by 2030.



Dhuwarakha Sriram, Chief of Generation Unlimited in India (YuWaah), Youth Development and Partnerships at UNICEF said, â€œYuWaah at UNICEF has brought together key stakeholders for the Green Rising India Alliance and through this strategic collaboration we commit to co-creating sustainable and impactful contribution to the urgent cause of climate action. Together, we will nurture youth-led action in India and bring new energy to our collective initiatives to foster innovative and inclusive solutions, at scale to multiply our impact.â€_x009d_



This coalition is galvanising private organisations, foundations, youth networks, multilaterals, and the Government of India to unify their commitment to sharing knowledge, efforts, and innovative solutions. The primary goal is to equip young people with the requisite opportunities not only to embrace a climate-conscious mindset but also to foster resilience, thereby enabling them to fully realize their potential. This alliance will further synergise investments, strategic priorities, and portfolios of work to unlock unprecedented opportunities to complement national efforts with the government and young people.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/15/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-15-the-impact-of-air-pollution-on-20-cities-across-india/">Impact Of Air Pollution</a>



Deepali Khanna, Vice President - Asia, The Rockefeller Foundation, said, â€œThe Rockefeller Foundation is investing USD 1 billion over the next five years to slow climate change even as we advance human opportunity. With the largest youth population in the world, Indiaâ€™s climate-conscious actions can foster resilience and innovation, accelerating impact that enables everyone to not just survive the climate crisis but thrive.â€_x009d_



The GRIA will enable, empower and engage young people, especially the most vulnerable, with the tools they need to become stewards of our planet through green skills, social impact, and economic opportunities and further partner with youth to co-design and scale transformative environmental initiatives.

Unicef Partners To Equip 50 Million Young People To Become Climate Adaptable And Resilient By 2030

This company is transforming plastic waste into a stunning collection of clothes. Their unique method even captured the attention of the Prime Minister of India, who wore garments manufactured by them to Parliament.



Senthil Sankar and his father K. Sankar are reshaping people's views on recycling waste into sustainable clothing pieces. Witness their journey on an episode of<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/08/01/talk-the-talk-walk-the-walk/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/08/01/talk-the-talk-walk-the-walk/"> The Sustainability Show</a>.

Eco-Friendly Line Of Clothes

In a journey to safeguard public health, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is leading an initiative on pollution assessment. With a focus on 20 diverse cities, this venture under the National Environmental Health Profile Study opens up a meticulous exploration into the multifaceted impact of air pollution on human well-being. From the glittering urban landscapes to the serene corners of rural India, the study promises to link environmental factors to our collective health.



The<a href="https://moef.gov.in/moef/index.html"> Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change </a>has greenlit a series of projects aimed at comprehensively assessing the impact of air pollution on human health. This initiative falls under the ambit of the National Environmental Health Profile Study, a meticulous examination of environmental factors influencing public health within specific regions. The study particularly focuses on air pollution and encompasses diverse facets.Â 



<h2>Strategising Future Of The Environment</h2>



In a strategic leap towards environmental health, a comprehensive array of control measures has been instated. Rigorous scrutiny encompasses monitoring mercury levels and exposure for pregnant women and newborns in selected coastal and South Indian cities. Simultaneously, a keen assessment delves into the bio-availability of Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxin, and Furan, emanating from the combustion of electronic waste. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) belong to a family of chemicals with similar toxicity and shared chemical traits. These substances aren't intentionally manufactured; instead, they form as byproducts when other chemicals or products are created.



The cityscape of Tiruchirappalli undergoes meticulous examination, not just for air pollution but also for co-beneficial factors. The capital, Delhi, becomes a focal point for investigations, revealing the intricate impact of traffic emissions on the health of adolescents and dissecting the health effects of Diwali firecrackers.Â 



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/14/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-13-conference-of-parties-the-many-hits-and-the-several-misses/">Hits And Misses From COP28</a>



A parallel study by National Environmental Health Profile dissects the air quality impact on respiratory health due to crop residue burning near residential areas. The lens then shifts to the rural hinterlands of Northern and Eastern India, where a detailed analysis probes the health effects of chronic exposure to smoke from biomass fuel burning in households. Each endeavor contributes to a holistic understanding, forming a robust foundation for informed environmental policies and public health interventions.



<h2>All About The National Clean Air Programme</h2>



In the pursuit of breathing cleaner air, the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909910">National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</a>, was launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Aiming to elevate air quality standards across 131 cities in 24 states, the initiative is a concerted effort to engage all stakeholders. Originally set on a trajectory to achieve a 20-30% reduction in Particulate Matter (PM) concentration from the 2017 baseline by 2024, the NCAP has recalibrated its goals. The revised mission now charts a course to slash PM10 levels by up to 40% or achieve the national standards (60 Âµg/mÂ³) by 2025-26.



As these cities collectively combat air pollution, they've crafted City Action Plans (CAPs) with a tailored approach, addressing specific sources of pollution like soil and road dust, vehicles, domestic fuel, waste burning, construction materials, and industries. Financial support, contingent on performance, is funneling into these urban centres to implement these plans. The financing is a mosaic, drawing from various central government schemes and state resources, encompassing missions like Swachh Bharat, AMRUT, Smart City, SATAT, FAME-II, Nagar Van Yojna, and more.Â 



Simultaneously, the cities have established Public Grievance Redressal Portals and emergency response systems to ensure swift action in addressing public complaints and handling air emergencies.&nbsp;



<h2>Now And Beyond</h2>



As urbanisation continues to surge, it's not just the bustling metropolises witnessing a population influx, but also the quieter corridors of medium and small cities. As these towns grapple with the surge, a series of adjustments in infrastructure, from transport to waste management, is underway to align with the expanding population and burgeoning economy. To elevate the national discourse on air pollution policy, we must transcend anecdotal narratives, delve into meticulous quantification, and spatial mapping of pollution, and assess the localised impact of sources.

The Impact Of Air Pollution On 20 Cities Across India

When Licypriya Kangujam, the 12-year-old climate activist from India, stormed the stage at the 28th Conference Of Parties in Dubai on Monday, holding a signÂ  "End fossil fuel, save our planet and our future", it was a clear message that any outcome this year canâ€™t be devoid of strong wordings on fossil fuels.Â  Predictably, when the annual UN conference extended by a day, all eyes were on the strong messaging that may come out of the outcome.Â 



â€œIt is a balanced plan that tackles emissions, bridges the gap on adaptation, reimagines global finance, and delivers on loss and damage,â€_x009d_ said Sultan al-Jaber, the president of COP28, in his closing remarks while <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/07/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-07-un-climate-chief-calls-for-immediate-measures-as-cop28-reaches-halfway-mark/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/07/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-07-un-climate-chief-calls-for-immediate-measures-as-cop28-reaches-halfway-mark/">Simon Stiell</a>, the United Nations Climate Change Executive Secretary,Â  called the accord the â€œbeginning of the endâ€_x009d_ for fossil fuels, adding that the agreement was a â€œclimate action lifeline, not a finish line.â€_x009d_



The two-week conference stood as the largest climate gathering to date, boasting an attendance of nearly 80,000 registered participants and around 4000 media personnel.&nbsp;



Letâ€™s decode what worked and what failed to work at Conference Of Parties or COP28 in Dubai.



<h2>The Big Wins Of COP28</h2>



One of the key victories of COP28 was the activation of the loss and damage fund on the first day of the summit. A concerted push by developing countries culminated in a decision at COP27 last year to finally set up a loss-and-damage fund. By the end of the COP28 conference, commitments worth about US$ 800 million had been made. The money is meant to provide financial help to countries trying to recover from climate-induced disasters. However, the campaigners noted that $115.3million of which will go towards setting up the fund rather than directly helping people â€“ would cover less than 2% of the developing countriesâ€™ annual needs.&nbsp;



One of the primary focuses of COP28 was conducting a Global Stocktake (GST), a comprehensive assessment determining the world's progress in combating climate change and identifying necessary further steps to achieve climate objectives. Scheduled periodically by the Paris Agreement, the GST's inaugural review was set for 2023 and subsequent assessments every five years. In the end, the COP â€œcall[ed] onâ€_x009d_ all countries â€œto contribute toâ€_x009d_ a list of goals, including â€œtransitioning away from fossil fuelsâ€¦accelerating action in this critical decadeâ€_x009d_.



This is the first time, in the last three decades, that a Conference Of Parties decision has explicitly called out all fossil fuels.Â 



â€œWhilst we didnâ€™t turn the page on the fossil fuel era in Dubai, this outcome is the beginning of the end,â€_x009d_ said Stiell in his closing speech. â€œNow all governments and businesses need to turn these pledges into real-economy outcomes, without delay.â€_x009d_



Also read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/">PM Modi At COP28</a>



The global stocktake is considered the central outcome of COP28 â€“ as it contains every element that was under negotiation and can now be used by countries to develop stronger climate action plans due by 2025. GST also calls on countries to contribute to the global tripling of renewable energy capacity and doubling of the rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.



Methane emissions, accounting for nearly 25% of all emissions and significantly potent in global warming, garnered attention in the agreement.Since it stays in the atmosphere only for a decade while CO2 emissions can stay close to 1000 years, any curb in methane emissions helps reduce warming in the near term. So the Global Methane Pledge, committing to reduce methane by 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030, was another key win at COP28. It holds the potential to prevent 0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming by 2050. Over 150 countries have endorsed this pledge, including countries such as Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.



Moving ahead, the establishment of a Global Goal on Adaptation addressed the needs of developing countries, historically underrepresented in adaptation efforts. Even though the agreement lacks financial provisions and requires further strengthening, particularly in defining indicators and advancing financial support in subsequent years, it alleviates the status of adaptation to parallel that of mitigation within the UN climate process.



<h2>What COP28 Failed To Achieve</h2>



Even though the climate summit yielded significant outcomes by specifying transition away from fossil fuels, yet observers raised concerns that the call to move away from fossil fuels was only within the energy sector, leaving out reference to polluting plastics and fertilisers. Also the agreement lacks defined timelines, benchmarks, or investment targets. This omission came in response to resistance from fossil fuel-exporting nations and certain developing countries opposing these stipulations.



Health groups also denounced the summitâ€™s failure to commit to a full phase out of fossil fuels, a critically urgent step towards protecting peopleâ€™s health, and criticised the failure to commit to strong targets for adaptation to build resilient systems capable of protecting vulnerable people.



â€œSignals alone are not enough - only real action to phase out fossil fuels will protect peopleâ€™s healthâ€_x009d_, said Jeni Miller, Executive Director of the Global Climate and Health Alliance, which represents 160 health professional and health civil society organisations and networks from around the world addressing climate change. â€œThis year we saw superstorms, floods, heatwaves, droughts and wildfires, yet with the severe toll climate impacts are already taking on peopleâ€™s health and health systems, it is disheartening that world leaders still could not align themselves on the obvious and urgent need for fossil fuel phase out,â€_x009d_ said Miller.



Prior to the 28th Conference Of Parties, the UN published a report revealing a trajectory indicating the world's potential warming by an average of approximately 2.9 degrees Celsius, nearly double the threshold that climate scientists deem necessary to avert the most severe impacts of climate change. Even though US climate envoy John Kerry said, â€œWe must maintain accessibility to 1.5 degreesâ€¦It remains the guiding principle,â€_x009d_ yet it now seems to be an unattainable target with the commitments outlined at COP28 falling short of any harsh commitments.Â Â 



Now, all eyes are on United Nations Conference Of Parties, COP29 which is set to take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, next year.

Conference Of Parties: The Many Hits and the Several Misses

During the United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP28) in Dubai on Wednesday, delegates from nearly 200 nations reached a significant moment. They approved the ultimate â€˜Global Stocktakeâ€™ text, which notably, for the first time in COP history, explicitly highlights the necessity to â€œtransition awayâ€_x009d_ from fossil fuels as a critical step in addressing climate change. The Global Stocktake serves as an evaluation of advancements in addressing global warming since the inception of the Paris Agreement in 2015. The outcomes of the inaugural global stocktake were deliberated upon during the proceedings in the final two days of COP28 . The fifth version, potentially the conclusive one, of the Global Stocktake (GST) text was formally introduced and unanimously endorsed at the closing plenary of COP28 on December 13, 2023.



â€œCOP28 also needed to signal a hard stop to humanityâ€™s core climate problem - fossil fuels and their planet-burning pollution. Whilst we didnâ€™t fully turn the page on the fossil fuel era in Dubai, this is clearly the beginning of the end. At every stage climate action must stride forward side-by-side with human development, dignity and opportunities for all. Weâ€™ve heard the concerns from Samoa and all island states. Island States made it clear from the floor that this consensus does not go far enough to protect their populations and the planet. The fact they received the longest standing applause is a clear indication these views are widely shared,â€_x009d_ said Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary, UN Climate Change.



Serving as the focal point of the 28th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28), the GST text underwent rigorous scrutiny, particularly for modifications in language, accountability, and acknowledgment of differentiated pathways. Despite a day-long extension beyond the initial timeline, country Parties engaged in further discussions on the text. COP28 President Sultan Al Jaber commended the collaborative efforts of nations and organisations, praising the revolutionary nature of the adopted text.



It all started with the Paris Agreement enveloping the Climate Concerns, COP28 marks a pivotal moment in the implementation of the Paris Climate Change Agreement, focusing on translating key details negotiated in recent years into actionable steps. As we navigate a crucial decade for climate action, the urgency is underscored by the UN's latest scientific findings, indicating a 43% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 is essential to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.



COP28 did serve as a platform to globally address this imperative, shaping revised Nationally Determined Contributions by 2025, fostering a green transition, and advancing the overarching goals of the Paris Agreement.



<h2>Climate And Progress</h2>



COP28 encapsulates the yearly gatherings of the Convention, Paris Agreement, and Kyoto Protocol decision-making bodies. Delegates from all member states convene in these forums to engage in discussions and make decisions on diverse climate-related topics, fostering global collaboration on crucial environmental agendas. The stance that held people's attention was on Global Stocktake.



Fossil fuels, derived from ancient organic matter, release carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned, contributing significantly to global warming. Besides CO2, burning fossil fuels produces harmful pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and soot, posing serious health risks. Soot, in particular, can lead to respiratory issues like asthma and lung cancer. Worldwide, air pollution-related health problems cause approximately 7 million deaths annually.



Also read:<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/08/over-800-leaders-unite-for-a-1-5c-plan-at-cop28/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/08/over-800-leaders-unite-for-a-1-5c-plan-at-cop28/"> 1.5 Degrees Celsius Plan At COP28</a>



Reducing fossil fuel use not only addresses long-term climate change but also has immediate benefits for human health and ecosystems. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that each additional 1000 GtCO2 emissions contribute to a 0.27Â°C to 0.63Â°C increase in global surface temperature. This tight correlation underscores the urgency of mitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to prevent widespread disruptions in weather patterns, habitats, and biodiversity. The question remains: if we halt fossil fuel use today, can we effectively curb temperature rise, or are we entrenched in irreversible conditions?



<h2>Global Stocktake Impact- COP28's Defining Moment?</h2>



This development emerged with the inclusion of acknowledgment for carbon capture storage solutions, particularly in challenging sectors, a move championed by the European Union. This addition aims to prevent the misuse of abatement technology as a justification for expanding fossil fuel production.



In the context of mitigation efforts, the latest text omits the timeframe of 1850-2019 concerning the depletion of the carbon budget due to historical emissions. However, it explicitly highlights the pre-2020 shortcomings of developed countries in meeting recommended emissions reductions. This emphasis was advocated for by developing nations such as India, the African Group of Negotiators (AGN), Group of 77, and China, facing opposition from the United States, EU, Australia, and Canada.



The Global Stocktake, a comprehensive evaluation of global climate action, analysed over 1,600 documents from diverse sources and engaged with scientists, governments, cities, businesses, farmers, Indigenous groups, and civil society. Released in September, its key findings revealed a substantial gap from achieving the Paris Agreement's goals, signaling an urgent need for stronger action before the second Global Stocktake in 2028. The Synthesis report highlights the imminent threat of global temperatures surpassing 1.5 degrees Celsius. However, it also presents a roadmap for governments, outlining critical areas for immediate action and advocating for systemic transformations to significantly reduce emissions, enhance resilience, and secure our future.



<h2>Way Forward With COP28</h2>



India stands firm on three critical pointsâ€”swift reductions in coal usage, achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century, and discontinuing fossil fuel subsidiesâ€”as apparent red lines in the climate negotiations. The nation emphasises transparency, asserting the need to continue using coal to address its developmental needs and adhere to established nationally determined contributions (NDCs).



R.R. Rashmi, a Distinguished Fellow at TERI, said in a statement, "The (conclusive) decision underscores the necessity for a systematic and fair shift within all energy frameworks but specifically targets the reduction of unabated coal plants. This aspect appears to disadvantage developing nations." Another pivotal aspect of the climate agreement is its acknowledgment of â€œtransitional fuelsâ€_x009d_, which emit lower carbon levels compared to fossil fuels. These fuels are seen as potential facilitators of the energy transition while upholding energy security.



Majid Al Suwaidi, Director-General of COP28, acknowledges the formidable challenges faced in the current COP agenda. He highlights the collective effort to formulate a comprehensive plan addressing the gaps between the current state of global climate action and the necessary measures to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Revised Global Stocktake Text Pushes For Tougher Stance On Fossil Fuels

On Monday evening as the new text on global stocktake (GST) was decoded, it became evident that once again the Global South has been hit hard. It singles out coal and goes soft on other fossil fuels â€” oil and gas â€” which is likely to be heavily contested by developing countries, especially India. Though it charts a path toward reducing fossil fuel production and consumption by 2050, aligning with scientific recommendations, notably, the document avoids explicit terms like â€œphase out" or "phase down," which have sparked significant debate during the conference. Experts believe this might severely hamper attempts to arrest global warming to 1.5Â°C under the Paris Agreement.



â€œ It will be a surprise if this language is not contested heavily by the global south in the final stages of the negotiations process,â€_x009d_ said Vaibhav Chaturvedi, Fellow, Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW).Â  Today is the final day of the UN annual climate conference <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/08/over-800-leaders-unite-for-a-1-5c-plan-at-cop28/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/08/over-800-leaders-unite-for-a-1-5c-plan-at-cop28/">COP28 in Dubai</a>.Â 



The text mandates reductions in fossil fuel production, essentially achieving similar objectives as a phase-down, albeit without the contentious language. Despite potential dissatisfaction from certain countries and activists, the presidency resisted intense pressure to dilute the agreement. The text, however, goes on to strengthen the language on coal by now adding â€œrapidly phasing down unabated coalâ€_x009d_ and â€œlimitations on permitting new and unabated coal power generationâ€_x009d_.



â€œIf we fail to issue a decisive and strong directive from COP28, we stand at the precipice of crossing the crucial 1.5 degree Celsius warming threshold. Such a scenario would unleash catastrophic consequences globally, disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable communities," warned Harjeet Singh, Head - Global Political Strategy, Climate Action Network International. The upcoming discussions is bound to centre on this compromise, inviting governments to deliberate on the text, emphasising production reduction rather than emissions, which some view as a means for countries to explore carbon capture and storage technologies.&nbsp;



Following the release of the new draft, COP28 President Sultan Al-Jaber called on the attending countries to deliver â€œthe highest ambition on all items, including on fossil fuel languageâ€_x009d_.&nbsp;



The GST which is like the inventory taking on the 2015 Paris Agreementâ€™s Goals has proposed options for the phase-out of unabated coal and an orderly and just transition away from fossil fuels. This is going to be heavily contested by countries such as India where the countryâ€™s majority of energy needs are still reliant on coal. â€œItâ€™s a Himalayan blunder to not give the same urgency to oil and gas, which it offers to coal. Rapidly phasing down unabated coal won't change the world's climate. Unstoppable oil and gas emissions needed to stop,â€_x009d_ emphasised Aarti Khosla, Director, Climate Trends. She further added how the text lacks punch and decisiveness. â€œIt refers to large energy transformation moves like 3X RE and 2x EE, inter alia, along with expanding nuclear and carbon capture, both of which have proven to be unscalable, risky, and not the preferred choice. By including everything, the outcome could mean less.â€_x009d_&nbsp;



The GST was awaited with great expectations at COP28 as it is bound to the blueprint on which future policy actions by governments are taken and it helps stakeholders strengthen their climate policies while working out Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).



Also read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/03/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-03-historic-health-declaration-signed-at-cop28/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/03/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-03-historic-health-declaration-signed-at-cop28/">Health Declaration at COP28</a>



The document has outlined eight potential pathways for countries to reduce emissions, which included strategies such as "reducing both consumption and production of fossil fuels in an equitable manner to achieve net-zero emissions by or around mid-century" and expanding renewable energy capacity threefold by 2030. Other suggested actions encompassed hastening the decline of unabated coal usage, expediting the adoption of zero and low-emission technologies (such as renewables, nuclear, carbon capture and utilization, and low carbon hydrogen production), all aimed at substituting unabated fossil fuels within energy systems. These mitigation strategies underscore the imperative for substantial and rapid greenhouse gas emission cuts, calling upon Parties to consider various impactful measures.



â€œAdequate time and opportunity still lie ahead, provided that nations promptly return to the negotiating table, equipped with the resolve required for a crisis of this magnitude and a readiness to undertake the necessary measures. This current version of the COP28 text is grossly insufficient,â€_x009d_ said Mary Robinson, Chair of the Elders.

Global Stocktake Text Fails To Put â€œFossil Fuel Phase-Outâ€_x009d_ In Place

Nestled within the heart of the Eastern Himalayas lies a monumental reforestation and conservation endeavour, â€˜The Great People's Forestâ€™ (GPF), that aims to raise $1 billion to plant one billion trees. This ambitious initiative, which was first announced at G20 in India earlier this year, aims to restore one million hectares of land across Northeast India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.&nbsp;



Announcing the initiative at COP28, Saurav Malhotra, CEO of Ballipara Foundation, said, â€œCommencing Spring 2024, we will work together across India, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh from the mountains to the mangroves across the Eastern Himalayas. In this first phase of work, we will plant 20 million trees restore and protect 61 thousand hectares of land and benefit 178,000 people.â€_x009d_



The Great Peopleâ€™s Forest&nbsp; is an immediate call to action over the looming specter of climate change that casts an ominous shadow over the region's future. By 2050, a third of the Himalayan glaciers face potential extinction due to climate-induced alterations, spelling catastrophic consequences for those dependent on the life-giving rivers fed by these glaciers. The initiative also delves into the crucial role of forests in safeguarding communities. Under the GPF, a new Rural Futures Fellowship will train young leaders from rural and indigenous communities across the Eastern Himalayas to become next generation environmental leaders.



The Great Peopleâ€™s Forest is led in partnership by Conservation International and Balipara Foundation working with Friendship NGO, Bhutan Ecological Society, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation and TERI - The Energy and Resources Institute.



â€œAll work will prioritise the lives and livelihoods of local people, and will be underpinned by a rigorous science agenda to monitor the impact and share knowledge as the Great People's Forest Project grows to the ultimate aim of 1 billion trees and 1 million hectares of land,â€_x009d_ added Saurav Malhotra.&nbsp;



Inspired by Indiaâ€™s G20 Presidency theme of â€˜One Earth, One family, One futureâ€™, this unified endeavour will also allow local conservationists to magnify their efforts in safeguarding and restoring their precious lands and forests. A series of pivotal events took place at COP28, driving the agenda for The Great People's Forest initiative. Starting with an action-focused panel at Expo City Dubai on December 4, the momentum continued with a high-level event hosted by the COP28 Presidency on â€˜Nature, Land Use, and Ocean Dayâ€™ on December 9. The same day, restoration plans were further highlighted at the national pavilion of Bhutan in collaboration with the Bhutan Ecological Society and Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Great Peopleâ€™s Forest Of The Eastern Himalayas Announces Plans To Rapidly Scale Up At COP28

As COP28 enters its second week, over 800 leaders have written a letter to COP28 President Sultan Al Jaber to support the delivery of a 1.5Â°C-aligned outcome at the UN climate conference. Among the 800 signatories are 300+ CEOs, 30+ financiers, 240+ NGOs, 70+ scientists, as well as mayors, governors, investors, Indigenous peoples, health professionals, young people, faith leaders, and athletes.



Some of the signatories include C40 co-chair and Mayor of Freetown Yvonne Aqui Sawyerr, Chief Executive of Salesforce Marc Benioff, British billionaire Richard Branson, Chief Executive Officer, Ingka Group and Co-Chair, Alliance of CEO Climate Leaders Jesper Brodin, Former Prime Minister of New Zealand Jacinda Arden, and many more.



The letter reads as follows:



Dear COP28 President Sultan Al Jaber,



We are pleased to deliver a letter, signed by 800+ signatories from across the world.



1.5Â°C Plan at COP28 Because later is too late



As we enter the final days of COP28, we are at a tipping point. The world and its people need the strongest possible outcome to keep<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/06/16/the-global-1-5-degree-threshold-breached-climate-crisis-worsens/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/06/16/the-global-1-5-degree-threshold-breached-climate-crisis-worsens/"> 1.5Â°C degrees</a> within reach. But delivering on this historic task requires us to act like a team. The signals of transformation across sectors and society are all around us. At the same time, the climate emergency is biting harder than ever. Itâ€™s up to us to seize this opportunity â€“ because what is achieved here in Dubai must mark a legacy moment which determines the fate of our future generations



We â€“ CEOs, NGOs, mayors, governors, investors, Indigenous peoples, health professionals, young people, faith leaders, scientists, athletes and more â€“ stand in courage and resolve with the COP28 President and all Parties in bringing us together behind a rapid response plan to the<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/07/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-07-un-climate-chief-calls-for-immediate-measures-as-cop28-reaches-halfway-mark/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/07/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-07-un-climate-chief-calls-for-immediate-measures-as-cop28-reaches-halfway-mark/"> Global Stocktake</a>.



To reach this positive tipping point, we know we need the following: An orderly phase out of all fossil fuels in a just &amp; equitable way, in line with a 1.5C trajectory - whilst ensuring the tripling of global renewable energy capacity by 2030 from 2022 levels and the doubling of energy efficiency. The enabling environment to scale up and shift public and private finance, with developed countries taking the lead in action and support; putting a price on carbon and tripling investments for renewable energy. The halt and reversal of deforestation and land degradation as well as biodiversity &amp; other ecosystem loss by 2030; ensure resilient food systems and deliver a strong global goal on adaptation. These outcomes must be supported by the implementation and ratcheting of Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans well before COP30 in 2025 which align with 1.5Â°C and incorporate multi-stakeholder efforts within them.



<h1>Later is too late.</h1>

Over 800 Leaders Unite For A 1.5Â°C Plan At COP28

The Executive Secretary of the UN climate convention, Simon Stiell, has issued a compelling call to action to COP28 delegates in Dubai. He emphasised on the urgency of the climate crisis, and determination. He also urged governments to move beyond political gamesmanship and embrace ambitious measures to tackle global warming.



<h2>Prioritising Climate Over Politics</h2>



The Executive Secretary of the UN climate convention, in his statement said, â€œall governments must give their negotiators clear marching orders. We need highest ambition, not point scoring or lowest common denominator politicsâ€_x009d_.



Read more: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/">PM Modi At COP28</a>



While acknowledging the early success of establishing a loss and damage fund for vulnerable nations affected by climate-related disasters, Stiell cautions against complacency. He asserts that such wins, while crucial, are just the beginning, stressing the need for more comprehensive efforts to finance and support climate action.



He also highlights the necessity for enhanced transparency and fulfilling commitments to fund global climate action.&nbsp;



<h2>Global Stocktake: Roadmap for Action</h2>



He also highlighted the importance of the first ever Global Stocktake which will be completed at COP28. He said, with the Global Stocktake, â€œwe have a starting text on the tableâ€¦ But itâ€™s a grab bag of wish lists and heavy on posturingâ€_x009d_.



â€œThe key now is to sort the wheat from the chaff,â€_x009d_ he pointed out. â€œIf we want to save lives now and keep [the] 1.5 goal within reach, the highest ambition COP outcomes must stay front and centreâ€_x009d_, Stiell added.



The Global Stocktake is crucial in assessing countries' progress towards the goals set in the 2015 Paris Climate Change agreement.&nbsp;



<h2>Other Key Highlights From COP28</h2>



The ongoing COP28, which started on November 30 and is scheduled to conclude on December 12, has reached its halfway mark. On the first day itself, the historic Loss and Damage fund was approved, with countries inventions millions of dollars towards climate justice



Apart from this, several critical topics took centre stage as well.Â 



Fossil Fuel Reduction: The discourse surrounding the reduction and ultimate elimination of fossil fuel usage remained a linchpin, underscoring the imperative for transitioning to sustainable energy sources.



Climate Resilience Building: Strategies and plans for enhancing resilience to climate impacts garnered substantial attention, acknowledging the need to prepare communities for the inevitable consequences of a changing climate.



Global Cooling Solutions: over 60 nations have pledged to cut down cooling emissions keeping the global temperature in mind. Through various sustainable cooling methods, countries have shown commitment to reduce emissions.&nbsp;



Climate Health Pledge: One of the biggest deals that came through was when over 123 countries committed to signing the UAEâ€™s health declaration. This declaration comes at a time when there is an urgent need for commitment to meet and collaborate on policies towards health systems.&nbsp;



As COP28 approaches its conclusion,&nbsp; the Executive Secretary of the UN climate convention's urgent plea echoes loudly, as he urges governments and negotiators must act swiftly, leveraging all available resources to enact impactful measures for climate action.



His passionate call aims to inspire delegates to stay committed and deliver meaningful results that match the urgency of the situation.

UN Climate Chief Calls for Immediate Measures As COP28 Reaches Halfway Mark

At the ongoing Conference of Parties, COP28 in Dubai, over 60 nations have pledged to cut down cooling emissions keeping the global temperature in mind.&nbsp;



According to the UNEP, based on the current policies, between now and 2050 the installed capacity of cooling equipment globally will triple, resulting in a more than doubling of the electricity consumption. This will lead emissions from cooling to surge to 6.1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2050, equivalent to more than 10 percent of global projected emissions in that year. This rapid increase in cooling will strain electricity grids in many countries, presenting a major hurdle to the ongoing transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.



Near-zero emissions from cooling â€“ with improved access to cooling â€“ can only be accomplished through the implementation of synergistic policies, regulations, training and financial instruments that work together to create a strong and sustainable cooling ecosystem. It requires mainstreaming cooling within a national-level regulatory or legal framework as well as developing National Cooling Action Plans and streamlining finance, the <a href="https://www.unep.org/resources/global-cooling-watch-2023">report </a>adds.



The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that, â€œHeat is a growing health risk, due to burgeoning urbanisation, an increase in high temperature extremes, and demographic changes in countries with ageing populationsâ€_x009d_ Looking at these trends, cooling will need to expand for both stationary applications (residential and non-residential space cooling, cold chains and process cooling) and transport applications.



<h2>How Do We Regulate Emissions From Cooling&nbsp;</h2>



By employing passive cooling techniques we can significantly slash cooling requirements while upholding indoor comfort and preserving cold storage temperatures.&nbsp;



Also by adopting strategies like enhanced insulation, reflective surfaces, thermal mass utilisation, natural and architectural shading, ventilation, thoughtful urban and landscaping design, strategic orientation, and specific window and door features all contribute to curbing heat ingress and decreasing building cooling needs.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/05/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-05-un-report-reveals-alarming-climate-surge-as-cop28-urges-global-emissions-reduction/">UN Report On Alarming Climate Surge</a>



One can cut cooling emissions by driving energy efficiency. Installing and operating equipment at high energy efficiency, combined with passive cooling load reduction, could lower 2050 electricity use for stationary cooling equipment below the 2022 level despite the massive increase in cooling.



Apart from this, we can also achieve this target by phasing down climate-warming refrigerants faster than the timelines established under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, accompanied by energy efficiency drive.&nbsp;



â€œUnder the Kigali Amendment, actions to limit the use of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol are expected to prevent the emissions of up to 105 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases, helping to avoid up to 0.5 degree celsius of global temperature rise by 2100 â€“ a truly unparalleled contribution to climate mitigation efforts.



It is also the single largest contribution the world has made towards keeping the global temperature rise "well below" 2 degrees Celsius, a target agreed at the Paris climate conference.â€_x009d_



<h2>What is the Global Cooling Pledge</h2>



The 'Global Cooling Pledge,' a collaborative effort between the United Arab Emirates hosting COP28 and the UNEP-led 'Cool Coalition.' It lays out a roadmap for implementing passive cooling strategies, emphasising insulation, natural shading, ventilation, reflective surfaces, elevated energy efficiency standards, and a rapid reduction of climate-harmful hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants.



Following the outlined recommendations could yield a significant reduction in projected 2050 emissions, slashing them by approximately 3.8 billion tons of CO2 equivalent from the usual cooling practices.&nbsp;



This will result in enabling an additional 3.5 billion people to access refrigeration, air conditioning, or passive cooling solutions by 2050. It will also ensure cutting end-user electricity bills by a whopping US$1 trillion in 2050 and cumulatively by US$17 trillion from 2022 to 2050.



Apart from this the pledge will Diminish peak power demands by 1.5 to 2 terawatts (TW), nearly double the current total generation capacity of the EU. And nations can also avoid investments in power generation infrastructure estimated at $4 to $5 trillion.

More Than 60 Countries Pledge To Curb Cooling Emissions Amid Rising Temperatures

The United Nations has released a new report, where it has highlighted the alarming surge in climate change over the past decade. With the ongoing COP28, at Expo City in Dubai, the report acts as a wake-up call for the nation states and global leaders.



According to the report, the rate of climate change surged alarmingly between 2011-2020, which was the warmest decade on record. Continued rising concentrations of greenhouse gases fuelled record land and ocean temperatures and turbo-charged a dramatic acceleration in ice melt and sea level rise.



â€œThe Antarctic continental ice sheet lost nearly 75% more ice between 2011-2020 than it did in 2001-2010 â€“ an ominous development for future sea level rise which will jeopardise the existence of low-lying coastal regions and states,â€_x009d_ as per the <a href="https://wmo.int/media/news/rate-and-impact-of-climate-change-surges-dramatically-2011-2020" data-type="URL" data-id="https://wmo.int/media/news/rate-and-impact-of-climate-change-surges-dramatically-2011-2020">UN report</a>.



<h2>What Are Key Findings Of The Report?</h2>



Between 2011 and 2020, the Earth experienced its warmest decade on record, surpassing historical averages for both land and ocean temperatures by a significant margin.



According to the report, 2016 stood out as one of the warmest years due to a powerful <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/01/30/explainer-what-is-el-nino-and-how-does-it-affect-us/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/01/30/explainer-what-is-el-nino-and-how-does-it-affect-us/">El NiÃ±o event</a>, alongside 2020. The most significant temperature deviations of the decade, exceeding 2 Â°C above the 1981-2010 average, were notably observed in the Arctic region.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/30/un-climate-change-conference-calls-for-accelerated-global-climate-action/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/30/un-climate-change-conference-calls-for-accelerated-global-climate-action/">COP28</a>



The report also highlighted that throughout the decade, the atmospheric concentrations of the three primary greenhouse gases consistently rose. And the rates of both ocean warming and acidification are on the rise, showing an increasing trend.



â€œAround 90% of the accumulated heat in the Earth system is stored in the ocean. Ocean warming rates show a particularly strong increase in the past two decades,â€_x009d_ states the report.



Apart from acidification of the oceans, marine heatwaves are also becoming more frequent and intense. And <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/20/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-20-global-temperature-rise-poses-threat-to-sea-level-says-study/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/20/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-20-global-temperature-rise-poses-threat-to-sea-level-says-study/">global mean sea level rise is accelerating</a>, largely because of ocean warming and the loss of land ice mass.



<h2>What Are The Solutions?</h2>



The report presents a grim outlook but also sheds light on positive strides. Successful global initiatives, such as the phased elimination of ozone-depleting substances following the Montreal Protocol, have led to a smaller Antarctic ozone hole between 2011 and 2020.



The Montreal Protocol phases down the consumption and production of the different ODS in a stepwise manner, with different timetables for developed and developing countries. The treaty evolves over time in light of new scientific, technical, and economic developments, and it continues to be amended and adjusted.



However, the report emphasises the pressing need for more significant actions. Even though public and private climate financing nearly doubled from 2011 to 2020, a sevenfold increase is imperative by the decade's conclusion to align with climate goals.

UN Report Reveals Alarming Climate Surge as COP28 Urges Global Emissions Reduction

The UN Global Climate Action Awards Ceremony, part of the COP28 in Dubai, is set to honour two exceptional young individuals for their contributions to sustainability and equity on December 8.



Michelle ZÃ¡rate Palomec, aged 27 and hailing from Mexico, has been recognised for her leadership within Espacio de Encuentro de las Culturas Originarias. She focuses on securing clean water access for marginalised indigenous communities in Oaxaca, where water resources are scarce and water pollution accentuates social and gender inequalities. Through innovative ecotechnologies, her project aids in water sanitation and micro-watershed recovery, empowering vulnerable communities to adapt to climate-related challenges.



Sebastian Mwaura, aged 35 and representing Kenya, co-founded Yna Kenya, aiming to expedite the adoption of electric vehicles. Their robust charging network, powered by renewable energy, has catalysed the transition towards sustainable transportation. Mwaura's HerGo program is also dedicated to integrating women into the e-mobility sector, envisioning the creation of 12,000 jobs for women as drivers and charging-station owners.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/03/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-03-historic-health-declaration-signed-at-cop28/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/03/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-03-historic-health-declaration-signed-at-cop28/">Health Declaration At COP28</a>



On December 8, the event will be hosted by journalist and climate advocate Sophia Li, will feature performances by AY Young, a renewable-energy-powered concert series organiser, and Erick Marques, a multimedia artist and DJ from Brazil's Terena ethnic group. Simon Stiell, UN Climate Change Executive Secretary, is slated to address the audience.

UN Climate Awards Recognise Young Leaders' Impact on Climate Solutions

On day 3 of COP28, nations signed a new declaration on climate and health, while they also took technology into account, and its crucial role in climate action. This was the first time a health day was dedicated at COP. The declaration announced $1 billion for climate and health.



The announcement of $1 billion for climate and health and the launch of a declaration to accelerate actions to protect peopleâ€™s health from growing climate impacts headlined the third day COP28 as the Presidency spotlighted health for the first time in the history of the UN Climate Change Conference.



The World Health Organisation welcomed the historic declaration, which aims to protect people from climate change and impact on their health, and strengthen the current healthcare sector around the world.&nbsp;



Various stakeholders including governments, development banks, multilateral institutions, philanthropies, and NGOs have shown their commitment to increase their investment in climate and health solutions.



<h2>What Is The Declaration</h2>



The historic declaration, which was tabled a day before the world health day at COP28 in Dubai,&nbsp; developed with the support of a number of â€˜country championsâ€™ including Brazil, Malawi, the UK, the US, the Netherlands, Kenya, Fiji, India, Egypt, Sierra Leone, and Germany.



The Declaration covers a range of action areas at the nexus of climate and health. It emphasises on revamping the health systems capable of handling climate-related challenges. It also highlights the need to strengthen the cross-sectoral collaboration to reduce emissions. Apart from this, the declaration also&nbsp; emphasises on getting the most health benefits from actions taken to tackle climate problems. Lastly, it says we should put more money into solutions that help both the environment and our health.



According to <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/02/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-02-over-123-nations-back-climate-health-pledge-at-cop28/">WHO</a> the climate crisis is resulting in extreme weather that is taking lives around the world. It also points that the same emissions that are warming our planet are also poisoning the air we breathe.



As per the WHO data, air pollution kills some seven million people worldwide every year, while millions of people are exposed to extreme weather-related events each year.



â€œThe impacts of climate change are already at our door. They have become one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century. Governments have now rightly recognised health as a crucial element of climate actionâ€_x009d_ said COP28 President Dr Sultan Al Jaber.



<h2>What Is The Role Of Technology In Health</h2>



There was also the on 'Green Digital Action,' led by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Where the important role digital technologies can play while dealing with climate change was highlighted. These technologies help monitor the climate, make us stronger against climate changes, and set up early warning systems. They're also key in efforts to lessen the impact, like making things more energy-efficient, building eco-friendly networks, and aiding the shift to a greener economy. â€œCOP28 is a chance to show how digital action can help fight climate change and push for reducing the environmental impact of tech. The goal is to limit temperature increases to 1.5Â°Câ€_x009d_, said the ITU Secretary-General.



<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/24/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-24-cop28-and-why-the-global-south-matters/">Also Read: Why Global South Matters</a>



<h2>What Are The New Financing Principles</h2>



Several significant organisations including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the Green Climate Fund, The Rockefeller Foundation, and the WHO came together with the COP28 Presidency to introduce ten principles aimed at strengthening funding for climate and health.&nbsp;



These principles focus on getting more financing, encouraging innovation, and adopting new approaches for transformative projects that address both climate and health issues. Supported by over 40 financial partners and civil society groups, these principles reflect a growing collaboration among funders to sustainably support solutions for climate and health.&nbsp;



The COP28 Presidency acknowledged that tackling the health impacts of climate change requires action across society, including swift and significant efforts to cut emissions by at least 43% in the next seven years.&nbsp;



The declaration signifies a commitment to address health impacts beyond the health sector and involve various other sectors in order to achieve climate action.

Historic Health Declaration Signed at COP28

On Day 3 at COP28, one of the biggest deals that came through was when over 123 countries committed to signing the UAEâ€™s health declaration, a day ahead of the first-ever health day at the UN climate conference. This declaration comes at a time when there is an urgent need for commitment to meet and collaborate on policies towards health systems.&nbsp;



COP28 President Sultan al-Jaber in his keynote address at the session, â€˜Putting health at the Center of the Climate Agendaâ€™, stressed on how climate change is â€œincreasingly becoming a health challengeâ€_x009d_. He spoke about howÂ  the two are â€œvery much interconnectedâ€_x009d_ and reiterated that the private sector â€œmust find their way to finance climate health interventions.â€_x009d_



<h2>What Is Climate Health Pledge</h2>



In the following keynote, <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/22/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-22-climate-change-is-an-urgent-threat-to-pregnant-women-and-children/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/22/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-22-climate-change-is-an-urgent-threat-to-pregnant-women-and-children/">WHO</a> Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus called it a "clear call to action". The WHO estimates attribute seven million deaths to air pollution annually. Ghebreyesus added that good health is difficult to maintain â€œin a world full of more frequent and severe heatwaves, wildfires, floods and droughts; with increasing temperatures fueling the spread of infectious diseases, destroying harvests and increasing water scarcity.â€_x009d_



Apart from the countries who have already committed to the declaration, many more will sign up in the continuing days.Â  â€œThe declaration seeks to increase cross-sector collaboration, reduce emissions in the health sector, and increase climate financing,â€_x009d_ al-Jaber said, reiterating that the private sector â€œmust find their way to finance climate health interventions.â€_x009d_



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/">PM Modi at COP28</a>



Thanking the UAE for â€œputting health front and centreâ€_x009d_, Ghebreyesus said the latest declaration builds on the momentum of previous summits and serves as a call to action and political commitment to climate and health. â€œOur addiction to oil, gas and coal is not just an act of environmental vandalism. From the health perspective, itâ€™s an act of self-sabotage,â€_x009d_ Ghebreyesus said.



Also at the event, al-Hashimy announced an aggregate $1 billion tranche of finance enabled by a series of commitments by the Green Climate Fund, the Asian Development Bank, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and the Rockefeller Foundation. The investments will go toward public health measures, building sustainable health systems, and solutions across sectors that simultaneously reduce carbon emissions and air pollution.



"We need to reassess and redefine our entire structure to tackle this concerning new connection. Over 40 partners, comprising climate financiers, global health financiers, development banks, nations, philanthropic organisations, and the private sector, have now supported these principles," stated al-Hashimy.



<a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-king-charles-calls-for-genuine-transformational-action-at-cop28/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-king-charles-calls-for-genuine-transformational-action-at-cop28/">COP28 </a>marks a milestone: the inaugural inclusion of a health day within the UNFCCC climate conference. During a high-level ministerial meeting, on December 3, the focus will revolve around the effects of climate change on health, particularly emphasising heat waves, especially pertinent as 2023 is on track to be recorded as the hottest year in history.

Over 123 Nations Back Climate Health Pledge At COP28

On Friday, Britain's King Charles expressed grave concern, stating that the world is significantly deviating from effectively addressing climate change. He highlighted the imminent peril to the global economy unless urgent measures are taken to restore the environment.



"I pray with all my heart that COP28 will be another critical turning point towards genuine transformational action," he said, in reference to the 2015 summit held in France.



Addressing world leaders at the <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/12/01/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-12-01-pm-modi-at-cop28-stresses-on-balance-between-ecology-and-economy-proposes-india-for-cop33/">COP28 UN climate summit</a>, King Charles emphasised that the perils of climate change are no longer a distant threat but a pressing reality. Urging for immediate action, he fervently expressed hope that COP28 would mark a pivotal moment, echoing the transformative impact of the 2015 summit held in France.



The monarch warned that despite some progress â€œwe remain so dreadfully far off trackâ€_x009d_. He called for â€œgenuine transformational actionâ€_x009d_, a day after the meeting opened with stark warnings on global warming



"Unless we rapidly repair and restore nature's unique economy, based on harmony and balance, which is our ultimate sustainer, our own economy and survivability will be imperilled," he said.



King Charles cited the impact of climate change globally, including floods in India and Pakistan and severe wildfires in the United States, Canada and Greece.



Meanwhile the countryâ€™s Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced Â£1.6bn ($2bn) in UK funding for climate projects, including renewable energy, green innovation and forests - "delivering on the historic Glasgow deal to end deforestation". The pledge is in addition to Â£1.6bn announced at the G20 summit for the Green Climate Fund.

King Charles Calls For â€œGenuine Transformational Actionâ€_x009d_ At COP28

Addressing the opening session of the world leaders at the COP28 Summit in Dubai, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Friday, said that India is one of the few economies in the world that is on the way to accomplishing the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).



India has set targets to bring emission intensity down by 45 per cent by 2030 and increase the share of non-fossil fuels to 50 per cent.



Also Read: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/30/un-climate-change-conference-calls-for-accelerated-global-climate-action/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/30/un-climate-change-conference-calls-for-accelerated-global-climate-action/">What is COP28</a>



â€œWe do not have much time to correct mistakes of the last century,â€_x009d_ he added. Stating that India contributes less than 4 per cent to global carbon emissions, Modi asserted that the country has presented a model of development to the world striking a great balance between ecology and economy. PM Modi's visit comes on the heels of Indiaâ€™s <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/09/12/green-signal-to-green-development-pact-at-g20-summit/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/09/12/green-signal-to-green-development-pact-at-g20-summit/">G20 presidency</a>, during which the nation played a pivotal role in steering global leaders towards a commitment to triple renewable energy capacity by the end of this decade.



He also proposed India to host COP33 in 2028. â€œIndia is committed to the UN Framework for Climate Change process. That is why, from this stage, I propose to host the COP33 Summit in India in 2028,â€_x009d_ he said.



In his address, the PM also proposed the Green Credit Initiative, which focuses on creating carbon sinks through people's participation.The PM will have seven bilateral meetings, deliver four speeches and be part of two special initiatives on climate events during his stay in Dubai for less than 24 hours.



This is PMâ€™s third appearance at the World Climate Action Summit, after his visits to Paris in 2015 and Glasgow in 2021.&nbsp;



It was a special gesture by the UAE, which gave PM Narendra Modi the honour of speaking at the Ceremonial Opening of the summit. Those keeping a close eye on the developments &nbsp; believe his appearance at the global forum is evident of the close economic partnership UAE and India have developed. It also goes a step further in Indiaâ€™s vision of the â€œVoice of Global Southâ€_x009d_.&nbsp;



The 28th edition of the climate change conference which began Thursday will run till December 12. The key agenda is to complete the global stocktaking exercise and to review the progress in the global fight against climate change. It will also decide on measures the countries have taken to strengthen climate actions.

PM Modi At COP28 Stresses On Balance Between Ecology And Economy; Proposes India For COP33

Dive into a world of optimism with our curated collection of positive, inspiring, and innovative climate news from across the globe. Explore the journey of a nation embracing off-grid sustainability and witness the groundbreaking initiatives of a leading university in developing alternatives to fossil fuels. Join us in celebrating the positive strides towards a cleaner, greener world.

A Cleaner, Greener World

The UN Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai released the Yearbook of Global Climate Action 2023, emphasising the need to ramp up the pace of climate action.



The yearbook highlights that while businesses, investors, cities, states, and regions are intensifying their commitments to climate action, these efforts still fall short of the required pace and scale to restrict the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.



Simon Stiell, UN Climate Change Executive Secretary, emphasised the imperative for widespread acceleration of climate action. He highlighted the essential need for comprehensive systems transformation, spanning energy, transportation, societal relations with nature, and social systems, crucial for swiftly reducing emissions and fortifying resilience. Stiell advocated for increased collaboration between participating entities and non-party stakeholders to significantly enhance joint climate goals.



The 2023 Yearbook, the seventh in its series, offers an overview of the progress, trends, and challenges of real-world climate action undertaken by non-party stakeholders.



<h2>What Is Global Climate Action Portal</h2>



The Global Climate Action Portal, detailed in the Yearbook, now boasts over 32,000 registered actors, showcasing a 6% increase from the 2022 report and a nearly sixfold rise compared to 2015. Yet, substantial gaps persist both in the portal's geographical coverage and the diversity of solutions pursued by non-party stakeholders.



In the Yearbook's foreword, High-Level Champions Mahmoud Mohieldin of Egypt and Razan Al Mubarak of the UAE collectively called for an escalation of climate action during this decade. They stressed the significance of effective implementation, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and anchored in the principle of climate justice. They view the global stocktake as an opportunity for unified progress.



<h2>What Are The Key Outlines Of The Yearbook</h2>



Key highlights from the 2023 Yearbook include increased support for climate-resilient cities, enhanced financial mobilisation for marginalised groups such as Indigenous Peoples, publication of a handbook aiding non-party stakeholders in aligning policies with net-zero objectives, and the launch of a report elucidating methods to unlock climate financing in Africa.



The 2023 Yearbook notably focuses on the conclusion of the inaugural global stocktake at COP28, commencing in Dubai.



This stocktake enables countries and stakeholders to assess collective progress towards fulfilling the Paris Climate Change Agreement's goals and identifying areas necessitating improvement. Governments will decide on leveraging the global stocktake outcomes to bolster ambition in their forthcoming climate action plans due in 2025.



Non-party stakeholders shared insights on how governments can respond robustly to the stocktake at COP28. Seven key messages emerged, underscoring the necessity for aligning climate action with the 1.5 degrees Celsius goal, scaling up existing opportunities, involving non-party stakeholders in bolstering climate action, ensuring the credibility of commitments, promoting international cooperation rooted in climate justice, avoiding compartmentalisation of climate action, and urgently channelling fair financial flows.



Stiell concluded, advocating that the sole fitting response to the stocktake is heightened ambition and accelerated action, paving the way to 2030 to curb <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/20/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-20-global-temperature-rise-poses-threat-to-sea-level-says-study/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/20/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-20-global-temperature-rise-poses-threat-to-sea-level-says-study/">global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius </a>while reinforcing resilience.



Read more: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/18/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-18-explained-what-is-cop28-and-why-it-matters/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/11/18/https-letmebreathe-in-2023-11-18-explained-what-is-cop28-and-why-it-matters/">What Is COP28</a>

UN Climate Change Conference Calls for Accelerated Global Climate Action

Anyone and everyone who has a penny invested in climate change is looking forward to the much-awaited Conference of Parties (COP), which will take place in the Expo City, Dubai, from November 30 to December 12. Everyone is invested in climate change as it affects each one of usâ€“ from policymakers to governments, communities to industries. So like every year, world leaders, media personnel, private and public entities, and various stakeholders will convene under one roof to address the persisting issue of climate change and strive to devise long-term solutions at this annual conference where countries share their progress on climate pledges.&nbsp;



Letâ€™s look at where the global South stands in the scheme of things as it is these nations that are most impacted by the devastating impacts of climate change.



<h2>What Is the Global South?</h2>



The term 'Global South' refers to the developing nations across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. These countries commonly exhibit significant levels of poverty and inequality, facing heightened vulnerability to the impacts of climate change despite their comparatively lower contributions to its causes.



However, this traditional notion of the Global South is evolving. According to the UN, South-South cooperation embodies solidarity contributing to national well-being, national and collective self-reliance, and the attainment of internationally agreed development goals.



<h2>What Problems Does The Global South Face?</h2>



While issues in developing countries primarily revolve around finance, education, and health, the impact of climate change faced by these countries over decades has often been overlooked.



These developing nations grapple with problems to which they have contributed least. The carbon footprint, rapid urbanisation, and greenhouse emissions have been less compared to other developed countries, yet they bear the brunt of the problem. Many countries in low-lying areas or surrounded by the sea are on the brink of submersion due to rising sea levels. During COP26, the foreign minister of Tuvalu, a&nbsp; small island in the South Pacific, took a rather unique approach to address the issues their country is facing. Simon Kofe delivered a speech, standing knee-deep in seawater, symbolising his low-lying Pacific Island nation's vulnerability to climate change.



Additionally, there has been an increase in flash floods, droughts, hurricanes, and heatwaves. Read more: <a href="https://letmebreathe.in/2023/03/01/be-ready-for-heatwaves-imd-warns-india/">Heatwaves in India</a>



During COP27 last year, many developing nations demanded compensation from developed countries for the damage caused by climate change. "The establishment of a Loss and Damage Fund was, for many, the highlight of the United Nations Climate Conference (COP 27) and the culmination of decades of pressure from climate-vulnerable developing countries. The fund aims to provide financial assistance to nations most vulnerable and impacted by the effects of climate change," says the United Nations.



<h2>Why Does The Global South Matter?</h2>



There has been a shift in the way the world views the Global South, particularly in innovation and solutions, especially in the climate field. Developing nations have been able to meet the guidelines outlined in the Paris Agreement.



The Global South boasts significant biodiversity hotspots and ecological footprints that require measures for protection and conservation. These nations are working towards a more sustainable approach to combating climate change.



Renewable Energy: There has been a surge in investment in harnessing renewable energy, shifting from fossil fuels to solar, wind, thermal, and biomass energy. "In Latin America and the Caribbean, boosting renewables has the potential to promote new industrial sectors and their value chains such as green hydrogen," the <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2023/ecosoc7136.doc.htm">UN report </a>notes. "It is estimated that an annual investment equal to 1.3 per cent of regional gross domestic product (GDP) over a decade is needed to progress the energy transition."



"In Asia and the Pacific, the pandemic and global energy crisis have combined to create dramatic energy price increases," the report adds.



Conserving Natural Resources: Forests play a crucial role in the ecology of the Global South in many nations. "At COP26, more than 100 world leaders pledged to end and reverse deforestation by 2030. The pledge, which includes almost $19.2 billion of public and private funds, is a landmark move for nature," states the <a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/inside-global-effort-save-worlds-forests">UNEP</a>



Adapting to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events, is a priority for the Global South. Efforts involve constructing seawalls, fostering drought-resistant crops, and enhancing early warning systems.



However, transitioning towards a sustainable, resilient economy requires substantial upfront capital.&nbsp;



Here's how the Global North can contribute:



Financial Assistance: Developed nations can extend financial aid to developing countries. This support would facilitate investments in renewable energy, bolster energy efficiency, conserve forests, and aid in climate change adaptation efforts.



Technology Transfer: Sharing technological advancements with developing countries is crucial. This transfer would enable them to reduce emissions and better adapt to climate change.



Capacity Building: Collaboration for capacity building is essential. Developed countries can help in strengthening the capabilities of developing nations to implement effective climate change policies.



Through these collective measures, the international community can empower the Global South in their climate change initiatives, fostering a more sustainable and equitable future for everyone.

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Udai Paul

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